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3.2 MySQL Data Types Each table in a database contains one or more columns. When you create a table using a CREATE TABLE statement, you specify a data type for each column. A data type is more specific than a general category such as “number” or “string.” For a column, the data type is the means by which you precisely characterize the kind of values the column may contain, such as SMALLINT or VARCHAR(32). This in turn determines how MySQL treats those values. For example, if you have numeric values, you could store them using either a numeric or string column, but MySQL will treat the values somewhat differently depending on what type you use.

Each data type has several characteristics:. What kind of values it can represent. How much space values take up. Whether values are fixed-length (all values of the type take the same amount of space) or variable-length (the amount of space depends on the particular value being stored). How MySQL compares and sorts values of the type. Whether the type can be indexed The following discussion surveys MySQL’s data types briefly, and then describes in more detail the syntax for defining them and the properties that characterize each type, such as their range and storage requirements.

The type specifications are shown as you use them in CREATE TABLE statements. Optional information is indicated by square brackets ( ). For example, the syntax MEDIUMINT( M ) indicates that the maximum display width, specified as ( M ), is optional. On the other hand, for VARCHAR( M ), the lack of brackets indicates that ( M ) is required. 3.2.1 Overview of Data Types MySQL has numeric data types for integer, fixed-point, floating-point, and bit values, as shown in Table 3.2. Numeric types other than BIT can be signed or unsigned.

A special attribute enables sequential integer or floating-point column values to be generated automatically, which is useful in applications that require a series of unique identification numbers. Numeric Data Types Type Name Meaning TINYINT A very small integer SMALLINT A small integer MEDIUMINT A medium-sized integer INT A standard integer BIGINT A large integer DECIMAL A fixed-point number FLOAT A single-precision floating-point number DOUBLE A double-precision floating-point number BIT A bit field Table 3.3 shows the MySQL string data types. Strings can hold anything, even arbitrary binary data such as images or sounds. Strings can be compared according to whether they are case sensitive. In addition, you can perform pattern matching on strings. (Actually, in MySQL, you can even perform pattern matching on numeric types, but it’s more commonly done with string types.) Table 3.3. NOTE Before MySQL 5.0.3, DECIMAL values are stored as strings and have somewhat different properties from those of the current representation.

See the MySQL Reference Manual for details. NOTE Before MySQL 5.0.3, VARCHAR is handled somewhat differently:. The maximum length for VARCHAR is 255. Trailing spaces are stripped from VARCHAR values when they are stored. 3.2.5.2 The BINARY and VARBINARY Data Types The BINARY and VARBINARY types are similar to CHAR and VARCHAR, with the following differences:. CHAR and VARCHAR are non-binary types that store characters and have a character set and collation.

Comparisons are based on the collating sequence. BINARY and VARBINARY are binary types that store bytes and have no character set or collation. Comparisons are based on numeric byte values. The rules for handling of padding for BINARY values are as follows:. As of MySQL 5.0.15, short values are padded with 0x00 bytes. Nothing is stripped on retrieval. Before MySQL 5.0.15, short values are padded with spaces.

Trailing spaces are stripped on retrieval. For VARBINARY, no padding occurs when values are stored and no stripping occurs for retrieval. 3.2.5.3 The BLOB and TEXT Data Types A “BLOB” is a binary large object—basically, a container that can hold anything you want to toss into it, and that you can make about as big as you want. In MySQL, the BLOB type is really a family of types ( TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB).

These types are identical except in the maximum amount of information they can hold (see Table 3.10). BLOB columns store binary strings. They are useful for storing data that may grow very large or that may vary widely in size from row to row. Some examples are compressed data, encrypted data, images, and sounds. MySQL also has a family of TEXT types ( TINYTEXT, TEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT). These are similar to the corresponding BLOB types, except that TEXT types store non-binary strings rather than binary strings.

That is, they store characters rather than bytes, and are associated with a character set and collation. This results in the general differences between binary and non-binary strings that were described earlier in Section 3.1.2, “String Values.” For example, in comparison operations, BLOB values are compared in byte units and TEXT values are compared in character units using the column collation. BLOB or TEXT columns sometimes can be indexed, depending on the storage engine you’re using:. The MyISAM and InnoDB storage engines support BLOB and TEXT indexing. However, you must specify a prefix size to be used for the index.

This avoids creating index entries that might be huge and thereby defeat any benefits to be gained by that index. The exception is that prefixes are not used for FULLTEXT indexes on TEXT columns. FULLTEXT searches are based on the entire content of the indexed columns, so any prefix you specify is ignored. MEMORY tables do not support BLOB and TEXT indexes because the MEMORY engine does not support BLOB or TEXT columns at all. BLOB or TEXT columns may require special care:. Due to the typical large variation in the size of BLOB and TEXT values, tables containing them are subject to high rates of fragmentation if many deletes and updates are done.

If you’re using a MyISAM table to store BLOB or TEXT values, you can run OPTIMIZE TABLE periodically to reduce fragmentation and maintain good performance. See Chapter 5, “Query Optimization,” for more information. The maxsortlength system variable influences BLOB and TEXT comparison and sorting operations. Only the first maxsortlength bytes of each value are used.

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(For TEXT columns that use a multi-byte character set, this means that comparisons might involve fewer than maxsortlength characters.) If this causes a problem with the default maxsortlength value of 1024, you might want to increase the value before performing comparisons. If you’re using very large values, you might need to configure the server to increase the value of the maxallowedpacket parameter. See Section 12.6.2, “General-Purpose System Variables,” for more information. You will also need to increase the packet size for any client that wants to use very large values.

The mysql and mysqldump clients support setting this value directly using a startup option. 3.2.5.4 The ENUM and SET Data Types ENUM and SET are special string data types that allow only values chosen from a fixed (predefined) list of allowable strings. The primary difference between them is that ENUM column values must consist of exactly one member of the list of values, whereas SET column values may contain any or all members of the list. In other words, ENUM is used for values that are mutually exclusive, whereas SET allows multiple choices from the list. The ENUM data type defines an enumeration. ENUM columns may be assigned values consisting of exactly one member chosen from a list of values specified at table-creation time.

You can define an enumeration to have up to 65,535 members. Enumerations are commonly used to represent category values. For example, values in a column defined as ENUM('N','Y') can be either 'N' or 'Y'. Or you can use ENUM for such things as available sizes or colors for a product or for answers to multiple-choice questions in a survey or questionnaire where a single response must be selected: employees ENUM('less than 100','100-500','501-1500','more than 1500') color ENUM('red','green','blue','black') size ENUM('S','M','L','XL','XXL') vote ENUM('Yes','No','Undecided') If you are processing selections from a Web page that includes mutually exclusive radio buttons, you can use an ENUM to represent the options from which a visitor to your site chooses. For example, if you run an online pizza-ordering service, ENUM columns can be used to represent the type of crust and size of pizza a customer orders: crust ENUM('thin','regular','pan style','deep dish') size ENUM('small','medium','large') If enumeration categories represent counts, it’s important to choose your categories properly when you create the enumeration.

For example, when recording white blood cell counts from a laboratory test, you might group the counts into categories like this: wbc ENUM('0-100','101-300','300') If any given test result is provided as an exact count, you can record the value in the wbc column using the category into which the count falls. But you cannot recover the original count if you decide you want to convert the column from a category-based ENUM to an integer column based on exact count. If you really need the exact count, use an integer column instead, and group integer values into categories when you retrieve them using the CASE construct.

For example, if wbc is defined as an integer column, you can select it as a category like this: SELECT CASE WHEN wbc 300' END AS 'wbc category' FROM. The SET type is similar to ENUM in the sense that when you create a SET column, you specify a list of legal set members. But unlike ENUM, each column value may consist of any number of members from the set. The set may have up to 64 members. You can use a SET when you have a fixed set of values that are not mutually exclusive as they are in an ENUM column. For example, you might use a SET to represent options available for an automobile: SET('luggage rack','cruise control','air conditioning','sun roof') Then particular SET values would represent those options actually ordered by customers: 'cruise control,sun roof' 'luggage rack,air conditioning' 'luggage rack,cruise control,air conditioning' 'air conditioning' ' The final value shown (the empty string) means that the customer ordered no options.

This is a legal value for any SET column. SET column definitions are written as a list of individual strings separated by commas to indicate what the set members are.

A SET column value, on the other hand, is written as a single string. If the value consists of multiple set members, the members are separated within the string by commas. This means you shouldn’t use a string containing a comma as a SET member. Other uses for SET columns might be for representing information such as patient diagnoses or results from selections on Web pages.